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What Is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and What Causes It?

Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by pressure on the median nerve at the wrist. This guide explains the typical symptoms, common risk factors, why symptoms often feel worse at night and when persistent or worsening symptoms should be assessed.
What Is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and What Causes It?

Quick Answer

Carpal tunnel syndrome happens when the median nerve is compressed as it passes through the wrist. It can cause tingling, numbness, pain and sometimes weakness in the hand or thumb. Symptoms often develop gradually and can be worse at night.

Carpal tunnel syndrome happens when the median nerve becomes compressed as it passes through a narrow space in the wrist called the carpal tunnel.

It can cause tingling, numbness, pain and sometimes weakness in the hand or thumb. Symptoms often develop gradually and are commonly worse at night.

What is the carpal tunnel?

The carpal tunnel is a narrow passage at the wrist containing the median nerve and several tendons. If pressure increases within this space, the median nerve can become irritated or compressed.

What symptoms can carpal tunnel syndrome cause?

Tingling

Pins and needles can affect the hand and fingers supplied by the median nerve.

Numbness

The hand or fingers may feel less sensitive, particularly during the night or on waking.

Pain or aching

Discomfort can occur in the fingers, hand, wrist or sometimes further up the arm.

Weakness

Some people notice reduced grip, clumsiness or difficulty using the thumb.

Which fingers are usually affected?

The median nerve supplies sensation to the thumb, index finger, middle finger and part of the ring finger. Symptoms can vary, so diagnosis should not be based on finger location alone.

Why are symptoms often worse at night?

The wrist can bend during sleep without you noticing. Keeping the wrist in a more neutral position may reduce pressure on the median nerve, which is why night splinting is commonly recommended.

What can increase the risk?

Carpal tunnel syndrome can occur without one obvious cause. NHS guidance notes associations with pregnancy, previous wrist injury, some health conditions including arthritis and diabetes, and work or hobbies involving repeated wrist bending, strong gripping or vibrating tools.

Is every episode of hand tingling carpal tunnel syndrome?

No. Tingling and numbness can have several causes, including problems elsewhere in the arm or neck. Persistent, worsening or unusual symptoms should be professionally assessed.

A wrist brace can help manage some symptoms, but it does not confirm the diagnosis. Persistent numbness, weakness or loss of hand function should not simply be managed indefinitely with a support.

When should you seek professional advice?

NHS advice is to seek assessment if symptoms are getting worse, are not going away or self-management is not helping.

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